Hexavalent chromium exposure5/1/2023 The Zn was detected as 56.75 ± 7.86 mg/kg and 1.83 ± 0.76 mg/kg in the muscle and fat of females and 52.12 ± 11.51 mg/kg and 1.94 ± 0.57 mg/kg in males, respectively. Manganese concentration of muscle was 0.45 ± 0.30 mg/kg (female) and 1.36 ± 0.96 mg/kg (male), and that of fat tissue was 0.32 ± 0.22 mg/kg (female) and 0.74 ± 0.75 mg/kg (male). The same tendency was observed in the case of copper content of fat tissues (female: 0.13 ± 0.10 mg/kg male: 0.13 ± 0.04 mg/kg p = 0.2707). The measured concentration of Cr was 0.14 ± 0.08 mg/kg and 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg, and that of copper was 1.22 ± 0.14 mg/kg and 1.06 ± 0.16 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively. The lead was detected as 0.36 ± 0.16 mg/kg and 0.22 ± 0.06 mg/kg in the muscle of females and males, respectively, showing a significant difference between the sexes (p = 0.0184). The concentrations of As, Hg, and Cd were below the limit of detection (As, Hg: < 0.5 mg/kg, Cd: < 0.05 mg/kg) in every tissue sample of both sexes. The concentrations of essential and non-essential elements were determined (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and zinc (Zn)) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The study was performed on 10 female and 10 male wild boars (Sus scrofa) after shooting during the regular hunting season to investigate the concentration of metals in the muscle and fat tissue. Since both of these two values were lower than the TDI, 1.1 μg/kg bw/day, FSCJ concluded the risk of health effects from Cr (VI) at the current exposure through the consumption of mineral water and tap water to be extremely low. 0.04 μg/kg bw/day and 0.290 μg/kg bw/day, respectively. The estimation gave the mean and high intakes as ca. Since chromium in food is regarded to be present as trivalent chromium³⁾, FSCJ estimated daily intake of Cr (VI) from consumption of mineral water and tap water. FSCJ specified the TDI of Cr (VI) as 1.1 μg/kg bw/day after applying the uncertainty factor of 100 to BMDL10 of 0.11 mg/kg bw/day, which was ascribed on the diffuse epithelial hyperplasia in the duodenum in male mice observed in the two-year oral exposure study. Consequently, specifying a tolerable daily intake (TDI), based on the results of animal studies with oral exposure to Cr (VI) through drinking water, is rather feasible. FSCJ considered that the quantitative risk assessment of Cr (VI) through drinking water was difficult to conduct based on the results from epidemiological studies of non-occupational and occupational exposures in human population. On the basis of these results, FSCJ judged that the carcinogenic mechanism of Cr (VI) intakes through drinking water was hardly attributable to the genotoxicity. In the in vivo gene mutation assays using transgenic rats and mice, no significant increases in mutant frequencies of the transgenes were observed in the carcinogenic target tissues, after exposure to Cr (VI) in drinking water for either 28 (rats) or 90 days (mice)1),²⁾. The mechanism of small intestinal tumors in mice is considered as follows: Continuous damage to mucosal epithelium in the small intestine by long-term exposure to Cr (VI) induces the hyperplasia in the crypt of small intestine, which would lead to the formation of tumor. These data indicate the genotoxic properties of Cr (VI), though genotoxicity by the oral administration including drinking water remains unclear. Cr (VI) showed positive results in many genotoxic studies in vitro, and in vivo after parenteral administration, whereas no clear positive results were obtained after the oral administration. Therefore, FSCJ considered that Cr (VI) is carcinogenic. Regarding to carcinogenicity, Cr (VI)-treatment by drinking water significantly increased incidences of tumors in the small intestine in mice and in the oral mucosa and tongue in rats. The finding observed at the lowest LOAEL was diffuse hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium in the duodenum in mice. Major toxicities induced by Cr (VI) were damages to small intestine and anemia in experimental animals. The Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) conducted a risk assessment of hexavalent chromium, hereinafter referred to as Cr (VI), related to the amendment of the standards for beverages established by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply.AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |